DependentBook

Theatre-in-the-round

2005-03-18T07:25:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Theater-in-the-round, also called Arena Stage, Central Stage, or Island Stage, form of theatrical staging in which the acting area, which may be raised or at floor level, is completely surrounded by the audience. It has been theorized that the informality thus established leads to increased rapport between the audience and the actors. Theatre-in-the-round has its roots in rituals such as those performed by the ancient Greeks, which evolved into

Nagy, Ivan

2005-03-16T20:43:00.000-08:00

Nagy trained as a youth with his mother and first performed with the Budapest State Opera Ballet. Frederic Franklin, then the director of the National Ballet of Washington, D.C., saw Nagy when he won a silver medal at the International Ballet Competition at Varna in 1965. Impressed, Franklin

Natural History Museum

2005-03-14T01:21:00.000-08:00

The museum was formerly an integral part of the British

Jian Ware

2005-03-12T20:53:00.000-08:00

The clay used for Jian ware was of a very hard, coarse grain. The inside and about two-thirds of the outside of the ware were covered with a thick,

Talent

2005-03-09T18:26:00.000-08:00

The Hebrew talent, or kikkar, probably of Babylonian origin, was

Dagobert Ii

2005-03-08T17:34:00.000-08:00

The son of Sigebert III, Dagobert was packed off to an Irish monastery following the death of his father in 656, and the Austrasian throne was taken by Childebert the Adopted, son of Grimoald, the Austrasian mayor of the palace. After the downfall of Grimoald and Childebert,

Sinkiang, Uygur Autonomous Region Of, Plant and animal life

2005-03-06T05:24:00.000-08:00

Because of the great expanses of desert, the plant life of much of Sinkiang is monotonous. There are pine forests in the Tien Shan and tugrak woods in many places on the edge of the Takla Makan Desert. Apart from these trees, the most common are varieties of poplar and willow. In the Tien Shan and other mountains there is a great assortment of wild plants and flowers, many

Binary Form

2005-03-03T05:32:00.000-08:00

In music, the structural pattern of many songs and instrumental pieces, primarily from the 17th to the 19th century, characterized by two complementary, related sections of more or less equal duration that may be represented schematically as ab. In 18th-century compositions, including dance-inspired movements by J.S. Bach and keyboard sonatas by Domenico Scarlatti, the

Zittel, Karl Alfred, Ritter (knight) Von

2005-03-02T04:02:00.000-08:00

In 1863 Zittel became an assistant to the royal mineral cabinet of Vienna and professor of mineralogy, geognosy, and paleontology at the Karlsruhe Polytechnic. In 1866 he became professor of geology and paleontology at the University

Mesopotamia, History Of, Shalmaneser III and Shamshi-Adad V of Assyria

2005-02-27T02:31:00.000-08:00

The son and successor of Ashurnasirpal was Shalmaneser III (858–824). His father's equal in both brutality and energy, he was less realistic in his undertakings. His inscriptions, in a peculiar blend of Assyrian and Babylonian, record his considerable achievements but are not always able to conceal his failures. His campaigns were directed mostly against Syria. While he was

Roux, Wilhelm

2005-02-25T09:04:00.000-08:00

A student of German biologist Ernst Haeckel, Roux studied in Jena, Berlin, and Strasbourg. He was an assistant at the Institute of

Plum-yew

2005-02-24T01:16:00.000-08:00

(Cephalotaxus species), any of about seven species of small coniferous trees and shrubs in the genus Cephalotaxus, comprising the plum-yew family (Cephalotaxaceae). Native to central and eastern Asia, these plants are used in many temperate-zone areas as ornamentals. The small, fleshy, plumlike fruit contains a single, hard seed. The Japanese plum-yew, or cow's tail pine

Macedonia

2005-02-21T14:14:00.000-08:00

Modern Greek Makedhonía , traditional region of Greece, comprising the northern and northeastern portions of that country. Greek Macedonia has an area of about 13,200 square miles (34,200 square km). It is bounded by Albania to the west, independent Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, the Greek region of Thrace to the east, the Aegean Sea to the southeast, and the Greek regions of Thessaly and Epirus to the

Balas, Iolanda

2005-02-20T22:33:00.000-08:00

Balas cleared the bar in a variation of the scissors method; her coach was Ion Söter, an outstanding high-jumper whom she later married. She already held the women's

Powell

2005-02-18T00:18:00.000-08:00

City, Park county, northwestern Wyoming, U.S., on the Shoshone River. Founded as a ranching centre in the Powder River basin, a predominantly agricultural district, Powell was named in honour of the 19th-century explorer John Wesley Powell. It developed a substantial oil industry when reserves were discovered in the Bonanza field in 1888. Agriculture gained renewed prominence

Hawkweed

2005-02-16T09:06:00.000-08:00

Some species are cultivated as garden ornamentals for their attractive

Ahmedi, Taceddin

2005-02-14T22:02:00.000-08:00

As a young man, Ahmedi studied with the famous scholar Akmal ad-Din (al-Babarti) in Cairo. He then went to Kütahya, in Anatolia, and wrote for the ruler Amir Süleyman (1367–86). Later he went to the court of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I (1389–1403), and, at the Battle of Ankara, in which the Ottomans suffered a drastic defeat,

Performing Arts, World Dance

2005-02-11T05:41:00.000-08:00

Popular folk dance troupes from the former Soviet Union toured the United States and Europe in 2002 and showed that they had lost none of their verve or attraction. Remarkably, the companies were headed by legendary figures active into their 90s. The Moiseyev Dance Company was created in 1937 by choreographer Igor Moiseyev, and in 2002, aged 95, he was still involved with the company.

France, Banque De

2005-02-09T14:09:00.000-08:00

The bank listed among its founding shareholders Napoleon Bonaparte, members of his family, and several leading personalities of the time. Founded partly with state funds, but mainly with private

France, Banque De

2005-02-07T03:02:00.000-08:00

Small, lightly built predatory or omnivorous dinosaur that brooded its eggs in a manner similar to birds. Found as fossils in deposits from the Late Cretaceous Period (99 million to 65 million years ago) of eastern Asia and North America, Oviraptor was about 1.8 metres (6 feet) long and walked on two long, well-developed hind limbs. The forelimbs were long

Nägeli, Karl Wilhelm Von

2005-02-05T06:25:00.000-08:00

Nägeli received his earliest training from the German nature-philosopher Lorenz Oken and later studied botany under Augustin Pyrame de Candolle at the University of Geneva. He continued his botanical studies under Matthias Jakob Schleiden at the University of Jena and began

Coal Mining, Mining methods

2005-02-04T23:54:00.000-08:00

Surface techniques can be broadly classified into (1) contour strip mining, (2) area strip mining, (3) open-pit mining, and (4) auger mining.

La Bourdonnais, Bertrand-françois Mahé, Count (comte) De

2005-02-01T16:35:00.000-08:00

La Bourdonnais entered the service of the French East India Company as a lieutenant at 19, was promoted to captain in 1724, and took part in the capture of Mahé on the Malabar Coast (southwestern India) in 1726. From 1735 to 1740, he was governor

Cuza, Alexandru Ion

2005-01-31T09:03:00.000-08:00

The scion of an old boyar family, Cuza studied in Paris, Pavia, and Bologna, participated in revolutionary agitation against Russo-Turkish rule in his native Moldavia (1848), obtained the rank of colonel, and subsequently achieved prominence

Lipsius, Richard Adelbert

2005-01-29T14:24:00.000-08:00

German Protestant theologian who clarified the origin and authorship of early Christian literature, particularly the apocryphal acts of various apostles in his Die Apokryphen, Apostelgeschichten und Apostellegenden (1883–87; “Apocrypha, Acts, and Legends of the Apostles”). He also investigated the history of the early papacy and held that

Constantine

2005-01-27T04:13:00.000-08:00

Also called (after 1981) Qacentina , Arabic Blad el-Hawa , Phoenician Cirta city, northeast Algeria. A natural fortress, the city occupies a rocky, diamond-shaped plateau that is surrounded, except at the southwest, by a precipitous gorge through the eastern side of which flows the Rhumel River. The plateau is 2,130 feet (650 m) above sea level and from 500 to 1,000 feet (150 to 300 m) above the riverbed in the gorge. The cliffs of the gorge, at its narrowest, are 15 feet (4.5 m) apart and

Humanism, The English humanists

2005-01-24T17:37:00.000-08:00

Though continental humanists had held court positions since the days of Humphrey

Shensi, Resources

2005-01-23T02:10:00.000-08:00

The basin in the north of the province has enormous coal reserves, second in size only to those of Shansi. Important modern mines are those at T'ung-ch'uan, on the northern slope of the Wei Valley, and at Han-ch'eng, near the Huang Ho. There are minor coal and oil-shale deposits in the Han Basin in the south, where there are also iron-ore deposits. The Tsinling Mountains contain

North Germanic Languages, Faroese

2005-01-20T20:58:00.000-08:00

Prior to modern times literary activity in the Faroe Islands was minimal, but the local dialects continued to develop, though Danish was the official language. The Danish language scholar Rasmus Rask, who wrote the first Faroese grammar (1811), described the language as a dialect of Icelandic, but it is actually an independent language, intermediate between West Norwegian

Cohen-tannoudji, Claude

2005-01-16T17:14:00.000-08:00

Cohen-Tannoudji was educated at the École

France, History Of, Early Middle Ages, c. 8501180

2005-01-14T07:22:00.000-08:00

This period as a whole is well treated in Jean Dunbabin, France in the Making, 843–1180 (1985). Jan Dhondt, Études sur la naissance des principautés territoriales en France, IXe–Xe siècle (1948), remains a seminal work on the principalities. Social change and feudalization are studied in Marc Bloch, Feudal Society (1961, reissued in 2 vol., 1974; originally published in French, 1939–40); and Georges Duby, The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined (1980; originally published in French, 1978). See also the same author's The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century (1974; originally published in French, 1973). The early Capetian monarchy is dealt with classically in Robert Fawtier, The Capetian Kings in France: Monarchy & Nation, 987–1328 (1960, reprinted 1982; originally published in French, 1942). The subject has been powerfully reinterpreted in Jean François Lemarignier, Le Gouvernement royal aux premiers temps capétiens, 987–1108 (1965); and Andrew W. Lewis, Royal Succession in Capetian France: Studies on Familial Order and the State (1981). Ferdinand Lot and Robert Fawtier (eds.), Histoire des institutions françaises au Moyen Age, 3 vol. (1957–62), contains solid but conceptually dated discussions of provincial and royal institutions and a fine treatment of the church. Among penetrating studies of the provinces are Georges Duby, La Société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région mâconnaise (1953, reissued 1982); Robert Fossier, La Terre et les hommes en Picardie jusqu'à la fin du XIIIe siècle, 2 vol. (1968); and Pierre Bonnassie, La Catalogne du milieu du Xe à la fin du XIe siècle: croissance et mutations d'une société, 2 vol. (1975–76). Changing conceptions of peace, knighthood, and the noble family are studied in Georges Duby, The Chivalrous Society (1977; originally published in French, 1973).

'abdor Rahman Khan

2005-01-13T02:09:00.000-08:00

'Abdor Rahman was the son of Afzal Khan, whose father, Dost Mohammad Khan, had established the Barakzai dynasty in Afghanistan. Shir 'Ali's victory in 1869 drove 'Abdor Rahman into

Housman, Laurence

2005-01-11T01:08:00.000-08:00

Among Housman's earliest works were illustrations for Christina Rossetti's Goblin

Ear Disease, Chronic middle-ear infection

2005-01-09T16:27:00.000-08:00

Chronic infection of the middle ear occurs when there is a permanent perforation of the tympanic membrane that allows dust, water, and germs from the outer air to gain access to the middle-ear cavity. This results in a chronic drainage from the middle ear through the outer-ear canal. There are two distinct types of chronic middle-ear infection, one relatively harmless,

Earnshaw, Thomas

2005-01-07T22:40:00.000-08:00

Earnshaw became an apprentice at the age of 14 and later set up a shop in London. He made significant improvements in the transit clock at the Royal Observatory of Greenwich, London, and,

Soga Shohaku

2005-01-05T07:54:00.000-08:00

As a young man he studied painting under the guidance of Takada Keiho of the Kano school (school of painting based on Chinese subject matter and techniques) in Kyoto, but his disillusionment with contemporary

Kilgore

2005-01-02T16:44:00.000-08:00

City, on the Gregg-Rusk county line, northeastern Texas, U.S., about 50 miles (80 km) west of the border with Louisiana. The city is part of the Longview-Kilgore-Gladewater-Tyler oil complex in the middle of the East Texas oil field. In 1871 Judge C.B. Kilgore settled the site, which was then the terminus of the Missouri Pacific Railroad. Lumber and cotton became the chief sources of income,

Fractal

2005-01-01T15:16:00.000-08:00

In mathematics, any of a class of complex geometric shapes that commonly have “fractional dimension,” a concept first introduced by the mathematician Felix Hausdorff in 1918. Fractals are distinct from the simple figures of classical, or Euclidean, geometry—the square, the circle, the sphere, and so forth. They are capable of describing many irregularly shaped objects

Tunis

2004-12-29T01:04:00.000-08:00

Tunis was founded by the Libyans, who in the 9th century BC surrendered the site of Carthage to

Tepehuan

2004-12-28T11:16:00.000-08:00

The habitat of both the

Astronomy

2004-12-26T19:26:00.000-08:00

Until the invention of the telescope and the discovery of the laws of motion and gravity in the 17th century, astronomy was primarily

Avon

2004-12-24T13:40:00.000-08:00

Region and former administrative county, southwestern England, bordering the Severn estuary and the Bristol Channel. The region comprises parts of the historic counties of Gloucestershire and Somerset to the north and south, respectively. It is divided administratively into the following unitary authorities: Bath and North East Somerset, the city of Bristol

France, History Of, Gaul under the High Empire (c. 50 BCc. AD 250)

2004-12-21T15:34:00.000-08:00

The first centuries of Roman rule were remarkable for the speedy assimilation of Gaul into the Greco-Roman world. This was a consequence of both the light hand of the Roman imperial administration and the highly receptive nature of Gallic-Celtic society. Celtic culture had originated on the upper Danube around 1200 BC. Its expansion westward and southward, through diffusion

Theobald I

2004-12-19T14:13:00.000-08:00

He was the son of Theobald III of Champagne,

Ikirun

2004-12-17T09:13:00.000-08:00

The modern town is a local trading centre (yams, corn [maize], cassava, pumpkins,

Costello, Frank

2004-12-15T10:40:00.000-08:00

Arriving in New York City at the age of four with his immigrant Calabrian parents, Costello grew up in East Harlem and became head of the 104th Street Gang, a group of young Italian hoodlums. In 1915 he went to prison for a year for

Lenoir, (jean-joseph-) étienne

2004-12-13T17:09:00.000-08:00

Lenoir's engine was a converted double-acting steam engine with slide valves to admit the air-fuel mixture and to discharge exhaust products. A two-stroke cycle engine, it used a mixture of coal gas and air. Though only

Indian National Congress

2004-12-11T17:45:00.000-08:00

Byname Congress Party broadly based political party of India. Formed in 1885, the Indian National Congress dominated the Indian movement for independence from Great Britain and formed most of India's governments from the time of independence through the mid-1990s.

Fish Sauce

2004-12-09T17:16:00.000-08:00

In Southeast Asian cookery, a liquid seasoning prepared by fermenting freshwater or saltwater fish with salt in large vats. After a few months time, the resulting brownish, protein-rich liquid is drawn off and bottled. It is sometimes allowed to mature in the sun in glass or earthenware bottles before use. Called nam pla in Thailand, nuoc nam in Vietnam, patis in the Philippines,

Monadnock

2004-12-09T10:06:00.000-08:00

Isolated hill of bedrock standing conspicuously above the general level of the surrounding area. Monadnocks are left as erosional remnants because of their more resistant rock composition; commonly they consist of quartzite or less jointed massive volcanic rocks. In contrast to inselbergs (island mountains), a similar tropical landform, monadnocks are formed

Sea Level

2004-12-08T14:32:00.000-08:00

Position of the air-sea interface, to which all terrestrial elevations and submarine depths are referred. The sea level constantly changes at every locality with the changes in tides, atmospheric pressure, and wind conditions. Longer-term changes in sea level are influenced by the Earth's changing climates. Consequently, the level is better defined as mean sea

Canada, Flag Of

2004-12-07T06:15:00.000-08:00

The establishment of the Canadian federation in 1867 was not accompanied by the creation of a special flag for the country. The imperial Union Jack and other British flags were considered sufficient, although a coat of arms (in the form of a heraldic shield) was granted by Queen Victoria in 1868. The Canadian shield was composed of the arms of the four original provinces—Ontario,

Sea Level

2004-12-05T09:58:00.000-08:00

Also called Alder Dogwood (Rhamnus frangula) woody shrub or small tree, of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), native to western Asia, Europe, and northern Africa. It has been introduced into North America and other regions, where it is often cultivated as an ornamental. The plant grows rapidly, reaching a height of 5.5 m (about 18 feet); its dark, dense, and lustrous foliage turns yellow in autumn. The alternate,

Buddhism, The Bka'-gdams-pa and Dge-lugs-pa

2004-12-05T05:49:00.000-08:00

The Bka'-gdams-pa school was based on the teachings of Atisa (an Indian monk who came to Tibet in the 11th century). It was founded by his chief disciple, 'Brom-ston (c. 1008–c. 1064), who emphasized austere discipline. The school produced the Bka'-gdams gces-bsdus (“Collection of the Sayings of the Bka'-gdams-pa Saints”), which preserves the often highly poetic utterances of those close to the founder.

Yakushi-ji

2004-12-04T19:54:00.000-08:00

Temple complex dedicated to Yakushi, the Healing Buddha, in Nara, Japan. It was established about 690 outside Nara, and in 718 it was refounded within the city. The only one of the original buildings to have survived is the three-storied eastern pagoda, which is one of the finest examples of religious architecture of the Nara period (AD 710–784). Yakushi-ji has many treasures of Japanese

Kempe, William

2004-12-04T00:39:00.000-08:00

The first record of Kempe as a performer is with the Earl of Leicester's Men on a tour of the Low Countries and Denmark in 1585–86. As

Paul V

2004-12-02T22:11:00.000-08:00

One of his first acts was to excommunicate the recalcitrant

Calixtus I, Saint

2004-12-01T22:04:00.000-08:00

Calixtus was originally a slave. He was denounced as a Christian by the Jews, who had him sentenced to the Sardinian mines. On his return he

Mars Global Surveyor

2004-11-29T03:40:00.000-08:00

Mars Global

Earth, Formation of joints

2004-11-29T02:26:00.000-08:00

Because joints are areas of weakness in sedimentary rocks, erosion may occur more readily along regions in which joints are closely spaced. Consequently, streams in some areas of jointed rocks tend to parallel one or more joint sets.

Schauspiel

2004-11-28T05:36:00.000-08:00

Any spectacle or public performance. In late 18th-century German literature the word took on the more specific meaning of a play that has characteristics of both a tragedy and a comedy in that it is a serious play with a happy ending and in which the hero does not die.

Lutheran Church In Württemberg

2004-11-27T01:41:00.000-08:00

Independent Lutheran church established in the duchy of Württemberg in 1534 during the Protestant Reformation in Germany. A strong Lutheran church throughout the centuries, it was influenced in the 17th and 18th centuries by Pietism, the Lutheran-based movement that emphasized personal religious experience and reform. It became independent of the state after Germany

Zephaniah, Book Of

2004-11-26T05:19:00.000-08:00

The dominant theme of the

Kyongsang-nam

2004-11-25T20:38:00.000-08:00

Do (province), southeastern South Korea. It is bordered east by the Sea of Japan, south by the Korea Strait, west by Cholla-nam and Cholla-puk do, and north by Kyongsang-puk do. Pusan, capital of the province, was separated administratively in 1963, when it was elevated to the status of a special city. The Naktong River and its tributaries irrigate most of the province. The Kimhae delta

Indigo

2004-11-23T22:08:00.000-08:00

The naturally occurring precursor

Philip Iii

2004-11-23T14:12:00.000-08:00

Philip was the son of John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria. When he became duke of Burgundy at the age of 23, his first aim was to extricate himself as expeditiously

Eureka

2004-11-21T14:23:00.000-08:00

Byname of European Research Agency, European cooperative organization inaugurated in April 1985 by 18 European nations and formally established with a secretariat in Brussels in 1986. Its purpose is to promote European high-technology industries by linking the efforts of various companies and channeling moneys for their research. The original 18 member nations are the 12 European Community nations (Belgium,

Oraon

2004-11-20T17:27:00.000-08:00

Also called Kurukh, aboriginal people of the Chota Nagpur region in the state of Bihar, India. They call themselves Kurukh and speak a Dravidian language akin to Gondi and other tribal languages of central India. They once lived farther to the southwest on the Rohtas Plateau, but they were dislodged by other populations and migrated to Chota Nagpur, where they settled in the vicinity of Munda-speaking

Davenport, John

2004-11-19T05:29:00.000-08:00

Davenport was educated at the University of Oxford and later was elected vicar of the Church of St. Stephens in London. Because Holland was more hospitable to Puritans than was England, Davenport moved there in 1633 and became co-pastor of the

Mursilis Ii

2004-11-18T22:35:00.000-08:00

Son of the great Hittite conqueror Suppiluliumas, Mursilis succeeded his father after the brief reign of his older brother Arnuwandas III. Mursilis renewed the allegiance of North Syria, particularly Carchemish (controlled by his brother Shar-Kushukh) and the kingdom of Amurru; he also conducted a successful

Affenpinscher

2004-11-17T21:57:00.000-08:00

Also called Monkey Terrier, breed of toy dog known since the 17th century. The affenpinscher stands 26 cm (10 inches) or less and weighs 3 to 3.5 kg (7 to 8 pounds). A sturdily built, terrier-like dog, it has small, erect ears, round black eyes, and a short, docked tail. Its wiry, preferably black coat is short on parts of the body but longer on the legs and on the face, where it produces the monkey-like expression for which the

Computers, The graphical user interface

2004-11-16T08:18:00.000-08:00

In 1982 Apple introduced its Lisa computer, a much more powerful computer with many innovations. The Lisa used a more advanced microprocessor, the Motorola 68000. It also had a different way of interacting with the user, called a graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI replaced the typed command lines common on previous computers with graphical icons on the screen that invoked

Hardie, J(ames) Keir

2004-11-15T17:17:00.000-08:00

British labour leader, first to represent the workingman in Parliament as an Independent (1892) and first to lead the Labour Party in the House of Commons (1906). A dedicated socialist, he was also an outspoken pacifist (from the time of the South African, or Boer, War, 1899–1902) and the chief adviser (from 1903) to the militant suffragists headed by Emmeline

La Follette, Robert M

2004-11-12T15:25:00.000-08:00

Resigning as governor in 1906, he was elected to the Senate at a time when that institution was widely believed to be a refuge for millionaires. La Follette acquired instant fame as a new type of senator, one who was not controlled by “the interests,” and in his first three years there La Follette achieved the passage of laws aimed against the freight rates, labour policies,

Chase, William Merritt

2004-11-11T20:23:00.000-08:00

Chase studied at the National Academy of Design in New York City and under Karl von Piloty for six years in Munich. He worked for a time in the grays and browns of the Munich school, but in the 1880s

Black Country

2004-11-10T14:27:00.000-08:00

Industrial region closely corresponding to the small south Staffordshire coalfield in the Midlands region of England; its name derives from its pollution-coated industrial landscape. The Black Country extends immediately to the west of the city of Birmingham, which itself lies off the coalfield, and makes up the western part of the metropolitan county of West

Ekman, V(agn) Walfrid

2004-11-07T08:29:00.000-08:00

Swedish physical oceanographer best known for his studies of the dynamics of ocean currents. The common oceanographic terms Ekman layer, denoting certain oceanic or atmospheric layers occurring at various interfaces; Ekman spiral, used in connection with vertical oceanic velocity; and Ekman transport, denoting

China, The Southeast Mountains

2004-11-06T08:33:00.000-08:00

Southeastern China is bordered by a rocky shoreline backed by picturesque mountains. In general, there is a distinct structural and topographic trend from northeast to southwest. The higher peaks may reach altitudes of 5,000 to 6,500 feet. The rivers are short and fast-flowing and have cut steep-sided valleys. The chief areas of settlement are on narrow strips of coastal plain

Macadam

2004-11-05T10:36:00.000-08:00

Form of pavement invented by John McAdam of Scotland in the 18th century. McAdam's road cross section was composed of a compacted subgrade of crushed granite or greenstone designed to support the load, covered by a surface of light stone to absorb wear and tear and shed water to the drainage ditches. In modern macadam construction crushed stone or gravel is placed on

Macadam

2004-11-04T22:22:00.000-08:00

The EEC was created in 1957 by the Treaty of Rome, which was signed by Belgium

Allusion

2004-11-03T01:28:00.000-08:00

In literature, an implied or indirect reference to a person, event, or thing or to a part of another text. Allusion is distinguished from such devices as direct quote and imitation or parody. Most allusions are based on the assumption that there is a body of knowledge that is shared by the author and the reader and that therefore the reader will understand the author's

Fruehauf Trailer Corporation

2004-11-02T06:54:00.000-08:00

The founder, August Charles Fruehauf (1868–1930), began as a blacksmith and carriage builder around Detroit. In 1914, at the request of a local lumber merchant, he built a trailer to carry the merchant's pleasure boat, to be hauled by a Ford automobile. The trailer was

France, History Of, Constitution of the Fourth Republic

2004-11-01T19:23:00.000-08:00

It soon became clear that the apparent unity forged in the Resistance was superficial and that the new political elite was sharply divided over the form of the new republic. Some urged the need for greater stability through a strong executive; others, notably the Communists, favoured concentrating power in a one-house legislature subject to grass-roots control

Drachmann, Holger Henrik Herholdt

2004-10-31T16:54:00.000-08:00

The son of a physician, Drachmann studied painting and also began to write. A visit to London in 1871 awakened an interest in social problems, and after his return he joined the new radical movement of which Georg Brandes was the central

Sarcodine

2004-10-30T09:46:00.000-07:00

Any protozoan of the superclass (sometimes class or subphylum) Sarcodina. These organisms have streaming cytoplasm and use temporary cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia in locomotion (called amoeboid movement) and feeding. Sarcodines include the genus Amoeba (see amoeba) and pathogenic species, e.g., dysentery-causing Entamoeba histolytica. These protozoans'

Bynkershoek, Cornelis Van

2004-10-28T19:05:00.000-07:00

Bynkershoek studied law at Franeker and was admitted to the bar at The Hague. In 1703 he was appointed a member of the supreme court of Holland and Zeeland, becoming president of the court in 1724. Although engaged in a demanding judicial career, he found time

Sangha River

2004-10-28T01:07:00.000-07:00

Also spelled Sanga, tributary of the Congo River, formed by the Mambéré and Kadeï headstreams at Nola, southwestern Central African Republic. The Sangha River flows 140 miles (225 km) south to Ouesso in Congo (Brazzaville), forming part of Cameroon's border with the Central African Republic and Congo. The river then turns south-southeast and southwest, flowing 225 miles (362 km) to its mouth on the Congo

Corcovado, Mount

2004-10-26T21:37:00.000-07:00

Portuguese Morro Do Corcovado, sharp rocky peak (2,310 ft [704 m]), a part of the Carioca Range, overlooking Rio de Janeiro. Mt. Corcovado (Hunchback) is named for its shape. On its narrow summit towers the imposing statue of Christ the Redeemer, 98.5 ft tall. The peak is accessible by road and cog railway.

Low, Sir David (alexander Cecil)

2004-10-26T11:27:00.000-07:00

A self-taught artist, Low was already contributing cartoons to a local weekly paper at the age of 11. At 17 he set out as a full-time free-lance artist, combining this work from 1911 with a post on the Bulletin of Sydney, Australia. Having

Nagano Osami

2004-10-25T18:30:00.000-07:00

In 1913, as a language officer in the United States, Nagano studied law at Harvard University. Returning to Japan, he became known as an expert on the United States. As naval attaché in Washington, D.C.,

Abakanowicz, Magdalena

2004-10-24T21:56:00.000-07:00

A descendant of Polish nobility, Abakanowicz studied at the School of Fine Arts in Sopot, Poland (1949), and graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw (1955). She began working as an independent artist in 1956 and initially earned success for large, three-dimensional

Hess, Walter Rudolf

2004-10-23T22:09:00.000-07:00

Originally an ophthalmologist (1906–12), Hess turned to the study of physiology at the University of Bonn

Scandinavian Literature, Developments in Danish literature

2004-10-22T00:21:00.000-07:00

In 1536 the Lutheran Reformation was carried through in Denmark, and the beginning of the 16th century was characterized by many pamphlets for or against the Roman Catholic Church. European humanism and the Renaissance made their influence felt also in Denmark, where Christiern Pedersen was the most prominent humanist who supported the Reformation. He edited Gesta

Tacoma Narrows Bridge

2004-10-21T04:11:00.000-07:00

First suspension bridge across the Narrows of Puget Sound, connecting the Olympic Peninsula with the mainland of Washington state, U.S., and a landmark failure in engineering history. Four months after its opening, on the morning of November 7, 1940, in a wind of about 42 miles (67 km) per hour, the 2,800-foot (840-metre) main span, which had already exhibited a marked flexibility, went into a series

Galen, Clemens August, Graf (count) Von

2004-10-19T00:38:00.000-07:00

Galen was ordained in 1904 in Münster, where, as a priest at St. Lambert's, he published his Die Pest des Laizismus und ihre Erscheinungsformen (1932; “The Plague of Laicism and Its Manifestations”), deploring what

Smith, David

2004-10-17T11:35:00.000-07:00

Smith was never trained as a sculptor, but

Kohima

2004-10-16T15:12:00.000-07:00

Town, capital of Nagaland state, northeastern India. The town lies in the Naga Hills, 30 miles (48 km) southeast of the railroad at Dimapur. Kohima was the point of the farthest Japanese advance into British India during World War II; it was held briefly by Japanese troops in 1944 until retaken by the British. Pop. (1991 prelim.) 53,122.

Plum Curculio

2004-10-15T23:37:00.000-07:00

Also called American Plum Weevil (Conotrachelus nenuphar), North American insect pest of the family Curculionidae (order Coleoptera); it does serious damage to a variety of fruit trees. The adult has a dark brown body, about six millimetres ( 1/4 inch) long, with gray and white patches and conspicuous humps on each wing case. It has the typical weevil's snout, strongly down-curved for puncturing the skin of young

Jackson, Shoeless Joe

2004-10-14T20:53:00.000-07:00

Born into extreme poverty, Jackson began work in a cotton mill when he was barely six and never went to school. He survived a sickly childhood

Corbel

2004-10-13T07:01:00.000-07:00

In architecture, bracket or weight-carrying member, built deeply into the wall so that the pressure on its embedded portion counteracts any tendency to overturn or fall outward. The name derives from a French word meaning crow, because of the corbel's beaklike shape. Corbels may be individual pieces of stone, separate from each other like brackets, as in the case of

DependentBook

Theatre-in-the-round

Nagy, Ivan

Natural History Museum

Jian Ware

Talent

Dagobert Ii

Sinkiang, Uygur Autonomous Region Of, Plant and animal life

Binary Form

Zittel, Karl Alfred, Ritter (knight) Von

Mesopotamia, History Of, Shalmaneser III and Shamshi-Adad V of Assyria

Roux, Wilhelm

Plum-yew

Macedonia

Balas, Iolanda

Powell

Hawkweed

Ahmedi, Taceddin

Performing Arts, World Dance

France, Banque De

France, Banque De

Nägeli, Karl Wilhelm Von

Coal Mining, Mining methods

La Bourdonnais, Bertrand-françois Mahé, Count (comte) De

Cuza, Alexandru Ion

Lipsius, Richard Adelbert

Constantine

Humanism, The English humanists

Shensi, Resources

North Germanic Languages, Faroese

Cohen-tannoudji, Claude

France, History Of, Early Middle Ages, c. 8501180

'abdor Rahman Khan

Housman, Laurence

Ear Disease, Chronic middle-ear infection

Earnshaw, Thomas

Soga Shohaku

Kilgore

Fractal

Tunis

Tepehuan

Astronomy

Avon

France, History Of, Gaul under the High Empire (c. 50 BCc. AD 250)

Theobald I

Ikirun

Costello, Frank

Lenoir, (jean-joseph-) étienne

Indian National Congress

Fish Sauce

Monadnock

Sea Level

Canada, Flag Of

Sea Level

Buddhism, The Bka'-gdams-pa and Dge-lugs-pa

Yakushi-ji

Kempe, William

Paul V

Calixtus I, Saint

Mars Global Surveyor

Earth, Formation of joints

Schauspiel

Lutheran Church In Württemberg

Zephaniah, Book Of

Kyongsang-nam

Indigo

Philip Iii

Eureka

Oraon

Davenport, John

Mursilis Ii

Affenpinscher

Computers, The graphical user interface

Hardie, J(ames) Keir

La Follette, Robert M

Chase, William Merritt

Black Country

Ekman, V(agn) Walfrid

China, The Southeast Mountains

Macadam

France, History Of, Early Middle Ages, c. 8501180

France, History Of, Gaul under the High Empire (c. 50 BCc. AD 250)